Material Science and Engineering is a multidisciplinary area involves the discovery and design of novel materials. Material Science incorporates elements of physics, chemistry, and Engineering. Materials research covers topics like biomaterials, Nanomaterials, electronic materials, optical materials, and magnetic materials.

The idea of Nanotechnology was born in 1959. Nanotechnology is the study of structures which is about 1 to 100nm. Nanotechnology and Nanoscience are the study and implementation of very small things and can be used over all the other science fields, such as chemistry, physics, materials science, biology, and engineering.

Polymer Science also known as macromolecular science is a subfield of materials science involves the study of polymers, synthetic polymers, biopolymers, plastics, and elastomers. The term polymer was coined by Jons Jakob Berzelius in 1833. Modern Polymer science is highly proficient in tailoring polymers for mechanical and thermal stability.

Biomaterials play an important role in the field of tissue engineering. They act as a scaffold to promote cell growth and differentiation. Biomaterials used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are natural and synthetic biomaterials and they possess characteristics like biocompatibility, bioactivity, and biodegradation.

Biomedical engineering or Bioengineering is the application of principles of engineering to the fields of Medicine, Biology for healthcare. Bioengineers design and develop medical systems, devices, and equipment to solve medical problems. Biomedical engineering applications include development of prostheses, medical devices, and MRIs.

Earlier ceramics were made up of clay mixed with silica. Today Advanced Ceramics are made up of silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, chrome oxide, titanium dioxide, alumina oxide, zirconium oxide, and others. Ceramic coatings prevent corrosion, reduce friction and increase lifetime. Composite materials are made from combining two or more materials with different physical and chemical properties to produce unique material. Composite materials are stronger, lighter and cheaper.

Both Mechanical and Metallurgical engineering are the sub-specializations in engineering. Mechanical engineering deals with design, examination, production, and maintenance of mechanical systems using the principles of physics and materials science. Metallurgical Engineering deals with the processing of metals and metal-related areas. 

Optics and photonics is the study of the basic properties of light and harnessing them in practical applications. Optics and photonics covers the entire electromagnetic spectrum from high-energy gamma rays and X-rays, through the optical regime of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, to long-wavelength microwave and radio waves.

Nanomedicine is the application of Nanotechnology involves the use of nanoscale materials. Nanomaterials have led to the development of novel devices for the early detection of malignant tumors, and drug delivery to targeted sites in the human body. Nanomedicine research is receiving funding from the US NIH common fund program.

A  single 2D layer of Graphite is known as Graphene made up of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal layout. A sheet of graphene rolled up to make a carbon nanotube. Graphene is the first 2D material discovered ever is also called as a wonder material. It has superior thermal and optical properties, excellent tensile strength, impermeable to gases and liquids.

Smart materials are designed materials that have one or more properties that sense and react to environmental conditions or external stimuli such as mechanical, chemical, electrical, or magnetic signals. Smart materials are used in aerospace, textiles, and construction.